PA4- THE TIME OF ARCHITECTURE

The evolution of the world and the humanity has always been reflected in architecture in the first place. Architecture then becomes the witness and the historian of humanity introducing all the stages and civilizations that the world has known since the appearance of humans on earth 7 million years ago.

We can therefore trace the evolution of architecture from the origin of humans to our present time. this by following a temporal diagram marking the most important turns that architecture has taken in the world.

THE ORIGINS – Prehistoric Times (11,600 BC-3500 BC):

With the first apparitions of humans on earth, the need of a shelter was fundamental to protect themselves from the rain, animals and preserve what they hunted. Prehistoric times includs Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic.

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Ancient Egypt (3500 BC- 900 BC):

During the ancient egypt, the most impressive and spectacular constructions were built; the pyramids for example which are one of the 7 wonders of the world. The architecture during ancient egypt is caracterised by a high level of architectural, ingeneering knowledge.

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The Greeks (1200 -146 BCE):

The greeks were inspired by the ancient egypt architecture and the their thechniques to creat their own art and constructions based on equilibrium between the vertical and the horizontal elements; columns especiallyin temples. The general design of constructions was a rectangular shape with vertical columns.

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The romans (1100 BCE- 476 BCE):

With romans, the architecture was centred on the interior but also on the exterior space with a grandiose scale. The development and the discovery of concrete pushed the romans to create new shapes and play with light and shadows. Mathematics were used to for proportions and the symmetry was highly considred in the planning of buildings.

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The Byzantine (6^thCentury):

The byzantine architecture was mainly religious, the empire brought into life the classical forms, domes, mosaics… The most important and common structures during The empire were Basilicas, apse, mosaic. The architecture was traditional and there was also the demand for construction of hospitals and orphanage.

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Preromanesque ( 6^th century- 10^th century):

During the high middle ages, the christian religion took a very important place in every sector of life, therefore the cristian tradition influed the architecture too; that’s why there was the construction of a lot of churchs, monastaries. This period is caracterised by the development of castles too.

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Islamic (8^thCentury- 15^thCentury):

The islamic architecture was principally developped in the iberian peninsula, especially in the Andalus. The Andalus where we can observe the beauty and the elegance of the islamic culture and architecture trough the diverse monuments that stayed conserved during all this years. Water and towers were the two mains caracteristics of the islamic architecture; water for gardens and irrigation and tower as defensive elements.

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Romanesque (10^th-12^thCentury)

They maintained the same architecture as romans, that’s why we call it Romanesque. We found a big number of fortifications and tower due to the political instability at that time.

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Gothic (12th-15th (16th) Century):

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Renaissance (15th-16th Century):

As the word Renaissance means; we had a whole change that touched all the sides of life at that time especially the architecture. It began in Italy at first.

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Baroque (17th-18th Century):

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Neoclassism (18th Century – 19th):

Neoclassicism is characterized by an inspiration from the Greeks, it also focused more on the construction of space in the service of the public and education.

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19^thCentury:

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20^th Century:

MODERNISM:

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EXPRESSIONISM:

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CUBISM, FUTURISM:

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CONSTRUCTIVISM:

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MODERNISM (1919 – 1933 – …):

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CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 1950-2021:

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ARCHITECTURE IN THE 50s AND THE 60s:

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ARCHITECTURE SINCE 1960s:

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